Lusitania essays

Lusitania essays World War One was well underway in 1915. France, Russia and Britain, also known as the allies were fighting Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. The United States was staying neutral at this time. The war was at a turning point because both sides were even on land, so sea warfare was becoming more and more popular. U-boats were introduced during this time. On February 15, 1915 Germany said that any boat entering the war zone would be immediately torpedoed and sunk by their U-boats. The Lusitania was built because of a strong rivalry between Germany and Britain about who could create the fastest and most luxurious ocean liner. The building of the Lusitania started in September of 1904 and was completed on June 7, 1906. About 200,000 people came to see her first departure on September 7, 1907. The Lusitania was 785 feet long and weighed 31,550 metric tons. The Lusitania was the largest ship on the seas. It was created as a luxurious ocean liner that carried people and goods between the United States and England. The Lusitania was very popular because of her speed and luxurious accommodations. It had seven decks. Her passengers called her a floating palace. It was considered the finest ship on the seas. A one-way trip on the Lusitania costs about $4,000. The Lusitania was given the Blue Ribbon for crossing the Atlantic in the least amount of time. In January of 1915 Captain William Turner was taking the Lusitania to Queenstown when a German Sub stopped them and was going to bomb them. The captain raised the American flag and because the United States was still neutral, the Germans refused to torpedo the ship. Soon after German policy changed, they were told to take down any ship in their war zone. The Germans put warnings saying, Travelers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain...do so at their own risk., on all Lusitania advertisements saying that any ship travelin...

Digital signatures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Digital signatures - Essay Example Moreover, the cases of e-commerce crimes are rising day by day. In this scenario, it becomes necessary for the organizations to take some effective steps to uphold the security of their e-commerce activities. Thus, digital signature is a suitable technique for saving customers from identity theft and various others frauds. This report presents a detailed analysis of digital signature. The aim of this research is to analyze the role of digital signature in forming e-commerce security. Business sector is by no means an exemption to internet mania. Since, with the passage of time, the online business is turning out to be an exhortation. The online business means that people can purchase and pay from home and even while sitting in their bedroom through an internet equipped PC or laptop. The global wave of information technologies (ITs) development and implementation has turned out to be a driving force in approximately every part of human job. In this scenario, the internet that is a main element of this global wave has been transformed into a double-edged weapon providing a lot of opportunities, facilities, tools, and capabilities to individuals and corporations, on the other hand as well bringing with it a considerably increased information security and privacy risks (Salifu, 2008). As the electronic methods of business expands rapidly throughout the world, security and integrity concerns turn out to be sensitive. Moreover, at the present, the customer satisfactio n and trust in internet transactions and the security measures implemented by online businesses are considered to be insignificant and perhaps the main limit in the acceptance of internet business practices (Dandapani, 2008). Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to conducting both internal and external business activities over the internet, intranets, and extranets. In addition, e-commerce consists

Two problem questions on constitutional law of European Union Essay

Two problem questions on constitutional law of European Union - Essay Example The UK believes the section of the Directive has been drafted in too broad terms and it, along with a number of other member states, has been seeking clarification as to the technicalities of the possible operation of the guarantee scheme. There has never been any legislation in the UK on protecting workers pension payments by establishing financial guarantee institutions. A recent change of government, along with a worldwide recession, also mean that the UK is now opposed to the pension protection scheme in principle and, if it introduces the pension protection scheme, it will legislate to limit protections up to a ceiling of 5,000 pounds and restrict claims to those made within two weeks of an employers insolvency. The Commission has been examining the questions from Member States but has confirmed that it expects Member States to meet their obligations under the whole of the Directive. Adils security guard company becomes insolvent and he is made redundant after 30 years service and pension payments. He is told his pension fund is at risk and that he cannot pursue his employers in court for his pension guarantee as there is no money left in the pot after the company was wound up. A law student has told him that he may be able to enforce his EC law rights by other means. He comes to you for legal advice. Adil has been working in the security guard company for about 30 years. The fact that the specific firm had to be dissolved – because of the lack of funds for the continuation of the business activities – cannot justify the loss of pensions of employees – at least such a case would not be fair for employees that have invested all their pension funds on a specific corporate pension scheme. The problem is that existing UK law does not provide a specific legal framework that protects employees in cases of insolvency of their firm. Currently, the pensions of employees in Britain

Effects of Gender Wage Discrimination on Women

Effects of Gender Wage Discrimination on Women The Effects of Gender Wage Discrimination on  Life of Women Contents 1Introduction 2Literature Review 2.1Need for Equal Pay Act and its Impact 2.2Problems faced by Women 3Conclusion 4References Abstract This research is a review for some studies which are focused to highlight discrimination in payment between male and female members. The studies present the data collection methods such as surveys and interviews. All the studies showed that the discrimination in payment against women still exists, but there is a significant decline in the gender wage gap particularly because of the increasing awareness and enforcement of Gender Equity Act. The studies showed that the women recently have gained more experience and higher education which declined racial discrimination against the women. The studies also noted that the women have the right to get equal pay like that of men. Similarly women deserve to have the same employment opportunities as of men. 1 Introduction The equal pay act was signed on the 10th of June 1963 by the President John F. Kennedy (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2014). The enactments of this act were to support and amend the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938. This Act gave attention to unfair practices in paying low wages to female employees than males for the same job. John F. Kennedy highlighted the importance of the Equal Pay Act as â€Å"While much remains to be done to achieve full equality of economic opportunity for the average woman worker earns only 60 percent of the average wage for men this legislation is a significant step forward† (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, 1963). Kelly Jeanetta, founder of Kelly A. Jeanetta Law Firm LLC, said that the women are still getting only seventy percent of total wages earned by men for the same jobs. She further argues that due to unexamined biases and favoritism systems men are getting higher wages than women which has negatively affected the lives of women (Jeanetta, 2013). The goal of the Equal Pay Act of 1963 was to achieve equality in wages paid to both men and women at workplace. Furthermore the Act was approved keeping in consideration the objective to prevent the discrimination and biasness in jobs and pays in the private sector. Previously a negative notion existed stating that men should get more wages than women if they are on the same job and have same responsibilities. However this shows the obvious discrimination in disbursement to men and women. Jeanetta (2013) further pointed out the law that was enacted in Minnesota in 1969 about Equal Pay for Equal Work, which prohibits employers to discriminate between employees in paying who are doing the same work, the same effort and the same efficiency. This law is a good model to reduce the difference in wage payment between man and woman, and the employer who pays wages on the basis of sex difference is a violation of the law of equality in pay. However to fully implement the rules and regulations of this Act, continuous work is required to be done. Government and NGOs must step ahead to ensure that wages are paid equally to both sexes. The aim of this research is to understand the need for Equal Pay Act and the improvements in the gender wage discrimination during the course of history. Furthermore the paper attempts to find if discrimination exists in disbursement of wages to men and women. Also the research aims to highlight major problems faced by the women with the low wages than their counterparts. 2 Literature Review 2.1 Need for Equal Pay Act and its Impact The basis of Equal Pay Act was to eradicate the discrimination of wage between men and women during the course of their job. Several researches have been conducted to analyze the importance of Equal Pay Act and improvement in the wage distribution as a result of the increased enforcement of the law. Suh (2009) investigated determinants and characteristics of changes in the gender wage gap in the United States of America between 1989 and 2005. The study found that the wage gap between men and women reduced during the study period, from seventy four percent to more than eighty percent. The results of this study show that women tried to close the wage gap by education, working hours and increased experience. This study also concluded that decreasing gender gap is also the result of diminishing level of wage discrimination in the labor market. Although with the passage of time the improvement in the wage gap between men and women occurred, still the distribution is far from equality. Regarding the economic impact on lives of the women due to low wages, the study shows that certainly the economic condition of women was improved as human capital development became the reason for better wages. According to Neumark decomposition the majority of increasing discrimination is because of the increase of influence of men in the workplace (Neumark, 1988). Jake Rosenfeld and Meredith Kleykamp (2012) used the current population survey between 1973 and 2007 to find out the impact of African-Americans to reduce the wage gap in the private sector, and how African-Americans worked with unions to protect themselves from discrimination in the private sector. The survey showed that wage gaps between women, black-white are thirteen to thirty percent lower. The study showed that the important role played by Union to reduce racial inequality (Rosenfeld Kleykamp, 2012). Patrick Mason (2011) presented the paper which studied the changes in the concept of ethnic Americans during the post-Jim Crow era, the study included American families between 1965 and 2006, and the differences between the U.S. region, especially the South. The study noted that men and women regardless of their racial difference, have different opportunities in society and the market and likewise the remuneration also differentiates (Mason, 2011). The study also showed that Oaxaca-Ransom decompositions found there is a big reduction in payment discrimination against African Americans especially for those between the ages of 50 and 59, women are more practice racial equality faster than men. The study also showed that the reduction in the Southern racial disparity is reason for the national improvement among men (Mason, 2011). According to a study carried out by both of Rafael Lalive and Alois Stutzer (2009), women get paid lesser than men for the same work, and the level of their satisfaction with their jobs are lower than men. But the study showed that the wage discrimination against women has decreased significantly, and thats because the high awareness of the act of equal pay between men and women, in addition to experience factor which the women have from the labor market. The reduction in the gap occurred during 1970s due to immediate attention toward the wage discrimination after the resolution of Equal Pay Act. Increase in jobs opportunities in the U.S. labor market occurred during this period because of higher qualification of women. Many European countries have evolved towards decentralization and to determine the minimum wage, which address the problem of the wage gap gender. â€Å"In several European countries the gender pay gap has a low profile both in the public debate and in the policy agenda. Summarizing, one of the main problems is that there is no real owner of the problem, as nobody really feels responsible for closing the gender pay gap. Organizing political support for closing the gap seems to be an important challenge for the near future.† (O’Dorchai, 2008). Liqin Zhang and Xiao-Yuan Dong (2008) used the data from Chinese company to analyze the wage discrimination between male and female in China’s industry. The results of the study showed that there is a relation between low wages for women, and weak production for female workers compared with male workers. The result of this study showed that the women who worked in the public sector get wages equal to the men, but the women who worked in the private sector more like to discrimination in wage. The study noted that the Chinese woman status in the deterioration because of discrimination against them from employers in the private sector, in addition to the failure of the public sector to the protection of women, and failure to impose policies and laws against discrimination in wages. â€Å"In the service sector, women do not encounter gender wage discrimination in state-owned enterprises but do suffer from discrimination in private-owned enterprises. The public sector pays more attention to advocating gender equality while managers of private enterprises have more discretionary power to act out their prejudice against women in wage-setting and employment policies†( Zhang and Dong, 2008). A group of researcher: Ariane Hegewisch, Hannah Liepmann, Jeffrey Hayes, and Heidi Hartmann (2010), they presented a paper to prove the existence of discriminatory wage between the gender by analysis of occupational data during the 1970 and 1980s, and the study noted that can be seen from the occupations that does not require high levels of education, and the jobs which required especial degree. 2.2 Problems faced by Women Discrimination in the pay between men and women is no doubt troublesome for a large population of US workforce, mainly consisting of women. Glynn (2012) says that 50% of all workers of U.S. payrolls are women and majority of them are single mothers working outside their homes. In order to support their families the single mothers and other women are required to have adequate payments. Furthermore gender pay gaps and the discrimination hinder the women to progress up to the top level management positions in the organizations. Even if female workers are qualified and experienced they are paid lesser than their male counterparts. Apart from the single or married women the female workers who are unmarried are also getting lower wages. Recently graduated female staff members are usually paid less than other female staff. Organizations on the other hand save a big chunk of their income by paying less to the female workers. The study noted that the European women are suffering from difficulty in earning with low wages and the discriminatory practices from employers. The study suggested to impose a three polices to protect woman from discrimination at work, first equal pay policies, the legal frame is not the problem, but the problem is enforcement of this policy, second wage policies and third equal opportunities policy. Women are also paid less because they are considered to be best suited for pink collar jobs which offer lesser benefits than other white collar jobs. Furthermore position of women in white collar jobs which demand effective decision making skills is very limited. Few organizations offer top management positions for the women. According to Boushey, Arons, and Smith, among the 19 million families in USA women are the main breadwinner for their families, which makes the women bear the brunt of keeping their jobs and take care of family. Whereas the man is more prone to lose his job, which means that millions of families now rely on a woman’s job to make ends meet. This shows that women’s jobs are more critical for their families than men (Boushey, Arons, and Smith, 2010) and getting paid lesser is no doubt extreme level of discrimination. Nowadays the American parents working very hard to take care of their kids and cover their bills, and women try to find a good job with a good payment to help her family to cover the requirements of family life. So, the discrimination in wage could have a negative impact not only on her life, but also on her family life, â€Å"Nearly two-thirds of mothers are either the breadwinner for their family or share that responsibility with a partner. Women’s earnings therefore are vital to their families’ economic well-being† (Glynn, 2012). 3 Conclusion Previous researches and articles included in the research helped to analyze the facts and figures of the discrimination. Furthermore study of the Equal Pay Act shows how payment discrimination was reduced and more awareness is spread about its implementation. Equal Pay Act helped to reduce the unfairness in the wage disbursement to both men and women. From the studies we can see the reduction in racial discrimination in wages, especially against women. And thats because the increase awareness of the Equal Pay Act. The studies showed that The United States and European Union countries are more pursuant to the Equal Wages Act than Eastern European countries and China. The studies also confirm the importance of supporting of the Equality Act, and make it effective in order to protect women from discrimination and give women the right to equal employment opportunities. The study showed major problems faced by the women when they are paid lesser than their counterpart male workers. As statistics show that women share major portion of US workforce the discrimination of pay has negative impact on their economic condition. Furthermore single, married and single moms face trouble as they are main contributors in the family. Considering the economic and social problems faced by the women due to discrimination in the wages, the need for a strongly established law is obvious. Federal agencies need to play vital role in the establishment and implementation of equal pay system to both sexes. This research can also be extended further to see why organizations do not appoint women in top managerial positions. 4 References Alksnis, C., Desmarais, S. (2008). Workforce Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap: Is â€Å"Women’s† Work Valued as Highly as â€Å"Men’s†?1. ournal of Applied Social Psychology, 1-6. Bacolod, M. P., Blum, B. (2010). Two Sides of the Same Coin U.S. Residual Inequality and the Gender Gap. Journal of Human Resources, 198-242. Glynn, S. J. (2012, August 16). Fact Sheet: The wage Gap for Women. Retrieved from American Progress Organization: http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/news/2012/08/16/12029/fact-sheet-the-wage-gap-for-women/ Hegewisch, A., Liepmann, H., Hayes, J., Hartmann, H. (2010). Separate and Not Equal? Gender Segregation in the Labor Market and the Gender Wage Gap. INSTITUTE FOR WOMEN’S POLICY RESEARCH. Jain, T. (2008). Equal Pay for Equal Work . ICFAI Journal of Employment Law, 1-27. Jeanetta, K. A. (2013). Equal Pay for Equal Work. The Hennepin Lawyer. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. (1963, June 10). Remarks on signing Equal Pay Act of 1963. Retrieved April 27, 2014, from John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum: http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPOF-045-001.aspx Mason, P. L. (2011). Moments of Disparate Peaks: Race-Gender Wage Gaps Among Mature Persons, 1965–2007. Rev Black Polit Econ, 1-25. Neumark, D. (1988). Employers Discriminatory Behavior and the Estimation of Wage Discrimination . The Journal of Human Resources, 279-295. O’DORCHAI, S. (2008). DOWOMEN GAIN OR LOSE FROM BECOMING MOTHERS? A COMPARATIVEWAGEANALYSIS IN 25 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. Brussels Economic Review, 1-7. Rosenfeld, J., Kleykamp, M. (2012). Organized Labor and Racial Wage Inequality in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 1460–1502. Stutzer, A., Lalive, R. (2004). APPROVAL OF EQUAL RIGHTS AND GENDER . Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft. Suh, J. (2009). Decomposition of the Change in the Gender Wage Gap. Research in Business and Economics Journal , 1-18. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (2014). The Equal Pay Act of 1963. Retrieved April 28, 2014, from U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/epa.cfm Zhang, L., Dong, X.-Y. (2008). Male-female wage discrimination in Chinase industry . Economics of Transition, 85-112.

Capital Punishment Essays -- essays research papers

Capital punishment is necessary in order for justice to prevail. Capital punishment is the execution of criminals for committing crimes, so bad that this is the only acceptable punishment. Capital punishment lowers the murder rate, but its value as retribution alone is a good reason for handing out death sentences. It is one of the only fair punishments allowed by the judicial system. Another issue is that it saves money compared to the alternative of life in prison.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1972, in the case of Furman vs. Georgia, declared capital punishment cruel and unusual punishment. However after the Supreme Court Decision of Gregg vs. Georgia, the Supreme Court said that capital punishment was not unconstitional and the capital punishment resumed under new guidelines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are seven main types of execution: Hanging, where the prisoner is blindfolded and stands on a trap door, with a rope around his neck. The trap door is opened suddenly. The weight of the prisoner's body below the neck causes traction separating the spinal cord from the brain. The second most widely used technique is shooting, where a firing quad shoots the prisoner from some meters away. Another method is Guillotine, a device consisting of a heavy blade held aloft between upright guides and dropped to behead the victim below. Then there was Garroting, in which a tightened iron collar is used to strangle or break the neck of a condemned person. One of the more r...

Pangaea: the Ancient Supercontinent

Pangaea: The Ancient Supercontinent Throughout Earth's history, fragments of continental crust have floated across the planet's surface, pushed and pulled by plate tectonic motion. At times in the geologic past, these fragments (what we may now call continents) came together to form one large supercontinent, only to be broken apart once again by tectonic forces. The cycle of supercontinent construction and destruction took hundreds of millions of years. The most recently created supercontinent was Pangaea, which came into being about 300 million years ago.Panthalassa, a giant ocean, surrounded it. In just 100 million years, though, Pangaea began to break apart. Tectonic forces created a north-south rift in the super-continent, separating it into two new continents, Laurasia and Gondwanaland. As the new continents separated, the rift filled in with water, eventually becoming the present-day Atlantic Ocean. Laurasia, composed of the present-day continents of Asia, Europe, and North Ame rica (Greenland), occupied the northern hemisphere.Gondwanaland, composed of the present-day continents of Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and South America, occupied the southern hemisphere. The subcontinent of India was also part of Gondwanaland. By 135 million years ago, the breakup of Laurasia and Gondwanaland was underway, leading to the present-day locations of the continents. The forces that formed Pangaea, then broke it apart, are still at work. North America, South America, and Greenland are all moving westward.Australia, India, and the western part of Africa are all moving northward. Europe and Asia are moving eastward. The Atlantic Ocean is becoming larger, and the Pacific Ocean is becoming smaller. Although impossible to know when, at some point in the future, millions of years from now, the continents may well come together to form yet another super-continent. Beginning some 1,800 miles (2,900 kilometers) beneath the surface and extending to a depth of 3,960 miles (6,370 kilometers), the very center of the planet, is Earth's core.Composed of the metal elements iron and nickel, the core has a solid inner portion and a liquid outer portion. Scientists estimate that temperatures in the core exceed 9,900Â °F (5,482Â °C), creating extreme heat energy. Were this energy not released in some manner, Earth's interior would melt. Circulating currents, called convection currents, carry the energy to the surface of the planet, where it is released. It is the release of this energy underneath the lithosphere that leads to the formation of the major geologic features on the surface of the planet.

How Climate Change Affects Us - 1565 Words

Abstract The following research will explain how climate change affects us, what it has done in our past and what effects it will have on our future. Climate change is something that is happening as we speak, however, many people in our society are completely unaware of what is causing it and how it can affect the earth. Charts from NASA and The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will give a visual of how the temperatures have changed in recent years and how they will be changing in the future. Future Climate Change Forecast Climate change is a major worldwide issue that society is not yet taking seriously. So far, the climate has been changing drastically, but what we as a society should be worried about is the future of†¦show more content†¦In the past few years the oceans have been absorbing more carbon dioxide and heat from the atmosphere. When fossil fuels are burned, the carbon dioxide that is put out into the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans. These carbon dioxide levels have also produced excess heat that is also being absorbed by the ocean. This has caused there to be an increase in temperature of 0.18 ° Fahrenheit every ten years between the years of 1970 and 2010. This has resulted in things like coral bleaching, migration of sea life, the overflow of water in wetlands and ocean acidification. (Fujita, 2013) All of these issues go hand in hand with one another. For example, when coral bleaching happens, it results in the death of corals that feed th e sea life. This then causes fish and other animals to migrate to the poles where the Arctic is melting. When the sea levels rise, this causes wetlands to â€Å"drown† and according to reports, â€Å"the sea has been rising too fast for wetlands to keep their blades above water.† (Fujita, 2013) Oceans are only a part of the issue, land is also being impacted. In the past decade or so climate change has impacted the surface temperatures on land and so far the increase of surface temperatures has been 1.08 ° Fahrenheit in the past 100 years. The Earth’s oceans have absorbed almost all of the excess heat that has been generated on Earth. If the climate change continues going the way it has it is