Electrophoresis Machine Essay

Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory procedure used to separate biological molecules with an electrical current. In this lesson, we’ll review how agarose gel electrophoresis works and introduce the equipment necessary to perform an electrophoresis experiment. Separation of DNA molecules of different sizes can be achieved by using an agarose gel. Recall that agarose is a polysaccharide that can be used to form a gel to separate molecules based on size. Because of the gelatin-like nature of agarose, a solution of agarose can be heated and cooled to form a gel in a casting tray. Think of casting the agarose gel like pouring hot gelatin into a mold. The hot agarose liquid is poured into a casting tray. Once the mixture cools, a thin agarose brick will form. To ensure there’s a place to put the DNA in the gel, a comb is placed in the agarose liquid before it cools. Each tooth in the comb will become a hole, or ‘well,’ in the solidified agarose gel. Once cast, this gel is placed inside a piece of equipment called a gel box. An electrode – one positive and one negative – resides at each end of the gel box. The wells are always oriented, so they’re farther from the positive electrode. This ensures that the DNA molecules in the well must travel through the majority of the agarose gel, thus providing sufficient time for separation. Air isn’t a great conductor of electricity, so we cover the gel with electrophoresis buffer. Electrophoresis buffer is a salt solution. It isn’t table salt, but the salt ions can carry an electrical charge just like salt water can. The salt in the electrophoresis buffer completes the circuit between the positive and negative electrodes. When the electrodes of the gel box are connected to a power supply, electricity flows through the electrical circuit, causing the negatively charged DNA molecules to move into the agarose gel. The DNA molecules continue to travel through the agarose toward the positive electrode as long as an electrical current is present. Recall that shorter DNA molecules travel through agarose faster than longer DNA molecules. In this way, agarose gel electrophoresis separates different DNA fragments based on size. Once the samples are loaded, the electrical current supplied by the power supply not only moves the DNA samples through the gel but the dye molecules as well. Note the colored lines that appear. These lines do not represent the DNA fragments. These lines represent the dye in the loading buffer that was used to visualize the samples during the loading step. Once the gel run is complete, the agarose gel can be removed from the gel box and soaked in an ethidium bromide solution. Recall that ethidium bromide is used to visualize DNA. Ethidium bromide molecules intercalate, or insert, between the nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule. In summary, gel electrophoresis is a laboratory procedure used to separate biological molecules with an electrical current. Together with a gel box and a power supply, an agarose gel can be used to separate DNA molecules based on size. Loading buffer enables scientists to insert DNA samples into the wells of the agarose gel. Once the electrophoresis procedure is initiated, the dye in the loading buffer forms a dye front that is used to determine when the procedure is complete. When the electrophoresis procedure is complete, the agarose gel can be soaked in an ethidium bromide solution to visualize the DNA bands on a UV box.

Wellness Techniques Effective In Increasing Students Wellbeing Education Essay

In a non tantamount pretest-posttest control group experiment, participants in the experimental group were subjected to wellness techniques such as tasting, sharing of savoured minutes in category, gratitude journal authorship, cognitive distraction with the usage of wit, and narrative job work outing activities. Control group received no inclusion of health techniques in their regular category treatment. The consequences showed that there were no important differences between the control and experimental group across Hope, Life Satisfaction and Depression tonss. Other findings showed that males tend to prefer a combination of cognitive distraction and tasting techniques, while females tend to prefer a combination of tasting, gratitude and job resolution and end puting techniques. Results suggest a focussed health technique and some considerations sing personal, environmental or school related factors that might confuse the consequences of the experiment. Fusss and emphasis are inevitable for a graduating college pupil. Accomplishments of excessively many demands every bit good as go toing to other school-related activities are tension roll uping. Student ‘s resiliency is tested, wherein get bying and hardiness serves as resources to endorse them up during times of insomniac darks and pressured school demands. Several old ages since the positive psychological science addressed the demand to supply and keep positive establishments that will supply and heighten its stakeholders ‘ wellbeing and character strengths. School is one of the societal establishments where pupils learn both academic, interpersonal accomplishments, and even emotion ordinance. Research on wellbeing in school specifically methods to heighten wellbeing are in scarceness. Larson ( 2000 ) mentioned that pupils presents have lack of positive development and non a mere indicant of terrible psychological jobs. He encourages research workers to research factors that may lend to pupils ‘ wellbeing. In the context of school aged kids and striplings Diener and Diener ( 1996 ) found out that even pupils feel stressed about school plants they even rated themselves as positively happy. These consequences were replicated by several researches across civilizations ( states such as Australia, Portugal, China, Canada, Spain, and Korea ) and found the same self-evaluations among pupils. The present survey purposes to research possible ways to heighten pupils ‘ wellbeing specifically life satisfaction and hope. The research focal point on the life satisfaction of pupils in schools specifically their varied activities, and challenges as they strive to complete their college instruction.Students ‘ life satisfaction in schoolLife satisfaction in general is the perceptual experience of a quality of life that involves, of class, a cognitive assessment ( Huebner, Suldo, & A ; Mcknight, 2004 ) . Both positive and negative experiences straight affect pupils ‘ life satisfaction and day-to-day experiences affect the life satisfaction in general. Gilman ( 2001 ) pointed out that pupil ‘s school ‘s life satisfaction was positively related to pupils ‘ active engagement in assorted extracurricular activities that the school may hold. He added that pupils who participated good in assorted school activities do hold higher school life satisfaction as compared to those who do n't take part. Suldo, Shafer and Riley ( 2008 ) identified that pedagogues ‘ deficiency of attending to pupils ‘ wellbeing may be given a focal point alternatively of strictly academic accomplishment. Their reappraisal of literature identified cardinal points to see in analyzing factors for pupil satisfaction, foremost, perceptual experience of societal support such as the academic staffs, general feeling of satisfaction with school, and last, academic ego construct. Suldo, Shafer and Riley ( 2008 ) tested a theoretical account in foretelling school life satisfaction. The way theoretical account revealed that parental engagement in school every bit good as student-teacher relationship contributes to life satisfaction. School satisfaction is of import because happy pupils tend to demo positive interpersonal relationship with classmates and school staffs and at the same clip works collaboratively with others.Academic HopeHopeful pupils are expected to gestate ends and will develop differe nt schemes to make those ends beyond sing school life satisfaction. Snyder and Lopez ( 2002 ) defined hope as a strength-based concept that is divided into both tract and agentic thought that makes hope cognitive and motivational. Low hope pupils are said to be more dying during category activities and trial pickings activities. Low hope persons are more likely to demo sself-doubt and negative brooding manner that interferes with analyzing and using what they learned from school ( Snyder, 1999 ) . On the other terminal, pupils with higher hope reported good academic standing, good correlated with positive job resolution and other school related accomplishments ( Chang, 1998 ) .Enhancing pupils ‘ life satisfaction and hopePersonal academic beliefs and its positive relationship with life satisfaction can be used as a anchor for an intercession for heightening school life satisfaction. In the research of Chang, Mcbride-Chang, Stewart and Au ( 2003 ) giving importance to pupil â⠂¬Ëœs academic abilities, valuing school as of import to one ‘s ends, betterment in student-teacher relationship, and person ‘s ego ordinance in academic force per unit areas increase pupil ‘s good being in school. On the other manus, Bouwkamp ( 2001 ) developed a school hope plan that which utilized both mark and cosmopolitan hope techniques to increase hope. It was delivered in group based attack which aims to better pupil ‘s hopeful thought.Developing pupil ‘s tract thought and agentic thoughtSnyder, Lopez, Shorey, Rand and Feldman ( 2003 ) suggested that end scene activities and able to break up ends to smaller ends and measuring the likeliness that pupils can consecutive work on it helps better tract thought. Agentic thought can be improved by maintaining a diary that identifies negative self-scripts and overcritical ego books and so learning pupils to replace them with positive and productive ideas. In add-on, Snyder, Mcdermott ( 2002 ) mentioned that hopeful kids frequently draw upon their ain memories of positive experiences during hard times. By reminiscing positive and good feeling or elating narratives they create a positive personal ego.Wellness techniques to heighten we llbeingTo stress what was specified in the literature on life satisfaction and trust the research worker gathered several literature that was through empirical observation proven to increase subjective well-being and on the other terminal functioning the suggestions of Snyder ( 2003 ) for hope and Chang ( 2003 ) for life satisfaction. It was mentioned in the literature that addition in life satisfaction is dependent on the frequence of experience of positive affect and hope bureau and tracts are sensitive to job work outing activities and reminiscing positive experiences, Lyubormisky, Sousa and Dickerhoof ( 2006 ) research on authorship and speaking about positive experiences can be used to heighten subjective good being concepts. Those two academic basic accomplishments tend to hold characteristics of forming, incorporating and analysing jobs and issues which the chief intent is to bring forth solutions to jobs. Emmons and McCullough ( 2003 ) found benefits on composing activities specifically daily and hebdomadal exercisings. Bryant ‘s ( 2003 ) on the other manus give importance to tasting positive experiences, and reminiscing good feeling minutes are said to be related to increase in subjective well being. Langston ( 1994 ) identified capitalisation as a term to depict why people tend to utilize and remain with positive experiences and emotions because they get something out from it, it makes one heighten their emotional wellbeing. There are different ways to capitalise and remain or hang on with experiences and sharing and continous speaking about the subject are two basic techniques. Smith, Caprariello, Tsai, Rodriquez, and Maniaci ( 2010 ) In line with authorship and tasting experiences, Emmons and McCullough ( 2003 ) posited that when we exercise gratitude and counting approvals it will most likely put the person in a pleasant temper province. In their experimental survey, experimental group participants who received gratitude conditions were well satisfied, felt more optimism, and felt connected with other people. A survey on cognitive distraction is said to be SWB heightening. ( Strick, Holland, new wave Baaren, & A ; van Knippenberg, 2009 ) used wit as support or get bying with negative feelings. Cann, Calhoun and Nance ( 2000 ) identified that with the exposure of experimental participants to humour it instantly reduced negative temper and participants were able to alter their perceptual experience of their undertaking from tiring to interesting.MethodThe survey was a quantitative and experimental design, specifically and non tantamount pretest and posttest control group design was utilized. The survey aims to heighten hope, and life satisfaction tonss.Participants4 subdivisions participated in this survey, while merely 2 subdivisions where utilized for the experiment and the combined subdivisions for the designation of technique penchants. The experimental group ( n = 37 ) are control group ( n = 35 ) where identified as the mark group for the survey ( Mean age = 18 ) . They volunteered in the experimental without acquiring anything in return as stipulated in the consent signifier. The staying 2 subdivisions are for study intents on technique penchants.ProcedureThe experiment will run for 4 hebdomads which is a month calendar, with each session length of 2 hours with schoolroom treatment for the experimental group and control group. Differences in direction where given via the inclusion of health techniques for the experimental group, while no inclusion of health techniques for the control group. Students are non familiar with the techniques included in category treatment and non even cognizant of the alteration in activities. Students were given adequate information that they can choose non to go to the last 4 subdivisions of the topic because their classs are already finished. Those who stayed for a reappraisal and rating of the faculties can remain. The first session started with a pretesting of hope graduated table, life satisfaction graduated table, and depression graduated table for both experimental and control group. Inclusion session started merely for experimental group with a missive giving activity design to give grateful letters to schoolmates in category for an experience that they think they truly need to state thank you to their schoolmates. Students will portion their experiences to category afterwards. The intent of which is to supply pupils venue to show gratitude and experience being thanked for action done in the yesteryear. The 2nd inclusion for the session is wit ( cognitive distraction ) the category is divided into two groups and from a root word they will add postfixs and prefixes to do the root word evolved into assorted meaningful words ( normally double barreled words ) . The intent of the activity is to supply distraction and promote happy minutes with the group. The 2nd session inclusion involves Gratitude showing and maintaining a gratitude diary for one hebdomad. Students were educated how to maintain and compose gratitude diary to be submitted following meeting ( full notes ) each person in the experimental group is required to subject a day-to-day gratitude note via electronic mail to the research worker. The 2nd portion of the inclusion is to see a film cartridge holder that encourages positive thought, optimism and assertiveness. The 3rd session inclusion includes the reappraisal of the gratitude diary, and placing one major happy minute worth maintaining in the diary for holding a really good positive emotion and being able to portion it in category. The research worker taught the experimental group how to place their tasting minutes and maintain it besides in the diary to be shared by following meeting in category. The last inclusion for the 3rd session was a wit activity where pupils were participants were tasked to reply uncovering inquiries in a bowl. The intent of the activity is to supply personal contemplation and cognitive distraction in a manner express joying at ain faulty actions before. The 4th session inclusion includes the groupings and sharing of single positive experiences deserving reminiscing, and what makes it truly deserving reminiscing. Each group reported in category factors what made each individual in category wanted to enjoy good minutes in life. The 2nd inclusion activity is more on job resolution and consecutive narrative where participants are asked to do a large circle and tasked to lend to the narrative of a hopeless miss named Maria. Discussion on internal versus external venue of control ends the activity for the last portion. Immediately after the session a posttest was administered to the experimental group. It is expected that the control group have the same agenda of posttest pickings.Datas analysisA manova was used to see the differences of each tonss across dependent variables among two groups. A multidimensional grading was used from the gathered information among 2 subdivisions who experienced the inclusion by replying a penchant question naire.Consequences and DiscussionThe present survey aims to place if there will be a grade alteration on hope, life satisfaction, and depression tonss among experimental and control group which means placing efficaciousness of inclusion of health techniques. Table 1. Meanss and Standard divergence values DV Pre/Post E/C Meter Std. Dev Nitrogen Depression Post C 17.52 8.52 25 Tocopherol 13.00 7.23 28 Entire 15.13 8.14 53 Pre C 18.52 8.36 25 Tocopherol 17.39 7.913 28 Entire 17.92 8.07 53 Hope Post C 50.76 5.02 25 Tocopherol 51.71 5.63 28 Entire 51.26 5.32 53 Pre C 49.68 5.82 25 Tocopherol 51.43 3.65 28 Entire 50.60 4.83 53 Life Satisfaction Post C 26.20 4.425 25 Tocopherol 26.86 4.79 28 Entire 26.55 4.59 53 Pre C 24.80 4.99 25 Tocopherol 26.39 4.37 28 Entire 25.64 4.70 53 Descriptive statistics shows that the figure of both experimental and control groups ‘s participants decreased due to dropping of attending ( mortality ) . Comparing the pretest average tonss of each group showed that pretest consequences for hope, life satisfaction and depression are non equal. After the inclusion tally of health techniques merely the average tonss of depression in the posttest for the experimental group dropped from a pretest M = 17.39 to posttest depression M = 13.00. Table 2 Trial of Between-Subjects Effectss Pre/Post Depression United states secret service 192. 06 df 1 Multiple sclerosis 192.06 F 3.00 Sig. .087 Hope United states secret service 12.32 df 1 Multiple sclerosis 12.32 F .48 Sig. .491 Liter United states secret service 22.95 df 1 Multiple sclerosis 22.95 F 1.06 Sig. .305 EC Depression United states secret service 210.60 df 1 Multiple sclerosis 210.60 F 3.28 Sig. .073 Hope United states secret service 48.24 df 1 Multiple sclerosis 48.24 F 1.87 Sig. .174 Liter United states secret service 33.43 df 1 Multiple sclerosis 33.43 F 1.55 Sig. .216 Sig. 0.017 In comparing pretest and posttest consequences to uncover the effectivity of the inclusion of the health techniques in schoolroom treatment versus the non inclusion of the control group, it shows that across dependent variables and across groups there are no important differences. It means that the inclusion of the health techniques that was used in the survey was n't effectual in heightening hope, life satisfaction and diminishing the depression scores among participants in the experimental group. Wilks lamda is non important. Figure 1 Wellness technique penchants of male pupils Figure 1 showed that in the informations gathered from the penchant study of n = 33, male pupils who exposed to inclusion of health techniques in category identified that Humor activity 1 and tasting / sharing activities uplifted their positive temper province for a hebdomad. The graph showed bunch of B and E with a emphasis = .004 which is good. Figure 2 Wellness technique penchants of female pupils Datas gathered from N = 35, female pupils who were exposed to the inclusion of the health techniques in category identified bunchs GH ( Story of Maria and Dilemma Worksheet ) and DE ( Gratitude diary and Savouring/Sharing activities ) in elating their positive temper province for a hebdomad with a emphasis = .000 which is good. In the given findings identified it is good to observe that health techniques might hold lagged behind some of the factors that contribute to the frequence of more Negative affect to pupils. Sing that during the clip of experiment it was besides the clip where pupil prepare for finals and other demands. It is besides extremely suggested to concentrate merely on one health techniques alternatively of incorporating all three sorts of health techniques in the experiment viz. , cognitive distraction, tasting, and gratitude journal and problem-goal scene. Even though depression tonss were minimized it is non significantly considered in the research. Dampening is another construct where pupil can really take to minimise positive affect in stead of a more ambitious experience or hazard to come. It is extremely recommended that research worker should command possible menaces such as personality, self esteem, stifling, and timing of the experiment. The bunch of the health techniques per gender penchants showed how intercession can be retroflex for the following research and inform others about gender penchants on the usage of health techniques. It shows that misss appreciate the usage of problem-solving end scene every bit good as the narrative of Maria which is really taps hope agentic and tracts, and at the same clip opted for the tasting and gratitude activities which taps capitalisation and care of positive affect. On the other manus male pupils prefer wit activity which I think is less nerve-racking for them because they do n't exercise attempt to compose and maintain and diary which is besides a male issue ( revelation ) but they do be given to appreciate the tasting experiences as portion of heightening their well being. A form among gender showed that tasting and sharing positive things to others when others are attentive to what we portion provides both positive emotions to both gender.

A Theory of Cultural Value Orientations: Explication and Applications.

A Theory of Cultural Value Orientations: Explication and Applications. Shalom H. Schwartz, social psychologist and author of  a theory of cultural value orientations has done research on  universal values  and how they exist in a wide variety of contexts. Most of his work addressed broad questions about values, such as: how are individuals’ priorities affected by social experiences, how do individuals’ priorities influence their behavior and choices, and, how do value priorities influence ideologies, attitudes, and actions in political, religious, environmental, and other domains.Through his studies, Schwartz concluded that ten types of universal values exist: achievement, benevolence, conformity,  hedonism, power, security, self-direction, stimulation, tradition, and  universalism. Schwartz also tested the possibility of  spirituality  as an eleventh universal value, but found that it did not exist in all cultures. Schwartz's value theory and instruments are part of the biannual  European Social Survey.His work presents a theory of seven cultural value orientations that form three cultural value dimensions. applies it to understanding relations of culture to significant societal phenomena. In this theory we can find Shwartz’s conception of culture, a conception of the normative value system that underlies social practices and institutions. He derived seven value orientations that are useful for describing and comparing societies. His research is based on analyses of data across 75 countries.Using the cultural orientations, Shwartz generated a worldwide empirical mapping of 75 national cultures that identifies 7 transnational cultural groupings: West European, English-speaking, Latin American, East European, South Asian, Confucian influenced, and African and Middle Eastern. There are briefly discussed cultural characteristics of these groupings. Also I’ve found   the examples of socioeconomic, political, and demogra phic factors that give rise to national differences on the cultural value dimensions, factors that are influenced by culture.

International Price Escalation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Price Escalation - Essay Example The rise in the prices of all these commodities started in the year 2006, when the international markets faced a steep hike in the prices of all the eatables around the globe. This essay shall discuss the concept of price escalation along with its causes and the course to be taken to improve it. Price Escalation According to the definitions given by the economists, the concept of price escalation refers, more or less, to the concept of inflation in the economy. It is defined as the tendency and ability of prices to reach the supernormal heights when the products are being marketed. Taking this concept further, international price escalation occurs when the goods are particularly being marketed internationally. The companies, due to the affects of escalation, the companies normally engage their activities and resources in re positioning and establishing their brand overseas (ECLAC, 2006, Online). The major causes that contribute to such price hikes include import duties, trade barrier s, added transport, warehousing and freight costs, insurance, international lawyer’ charges, and other necessary charges. Causes There are various causes for the price escalation of the commodities on international level. There may be many imbalances between the demand and supply side of the products and services which causes prices to rise globally without any assurance of coming down \again. More clearly, these causes include: Structural Factors The structural causes of the global price hike include: Rise in the cost of production The implication of the price rise is possible due to the fact that the oil resources are decreasing and getting scarcer with the passage of time. The consumption patterns have been shifting and though, the newer technology is deployed to increase the efficiency but the economic crunch and recession has brought further obstacles. This, in turn, has impacted the prices of food and other bi-products of oil to increase thus, giving shocks to the price s of the related products (Dessus & Hoyos, 2008, Pp. 201). Change in consumption patterns in various countries and sustained rapid growth One of the major reasons for the international price escalation is the change in consumption patterns and trends of the population in various countries. The growing economies such as India and china account for the changing consumption trends of various products. One of the contributing factors to this structural spiral is the continuous expansion and thus, growing demands for the foods and services in various countries (Dawe, 2008, Online). Moreover, the translation of growing economies has increased the per capita income of the consumers, and so they are capable enough to improve their standards of living. This has helped push up the demand of the consumption baskets with higher rates (Dasgupta & Serageldin, 2000, Pp. 111). Temporary Factors The temporary factors accounting for such price escalation include the following: Natural disasters and p oor weather The world has experienced bad weather, natural disasters and other avalanches which results into the inevitable damage of the natural products. These adverse events have resulted into an extreme rise in the prices of natural products such as wheat, rice, cotton and other crops (Temple & Johnson, 1998,

Art Therapy and Childs Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Art Therapy and Childs Communication - Essay Example It is known that language development starts from the very beginning of the child's life. Even newly born babies hear the sounds around them. They listen to the speech when they hear it somewhere nearby, and they can even be startled at some loud noise. At the same time they already know how to make sounds which let people know if they experience pleasure or pain. By the time the child is 6 years old he speaks fluently and is able to answer simple questions about them. But it is not always so good with all children. Those who have some physical diseases or have suffered a psychological trauma experience difficulties with expressing their thoughts and wishes. That's why art therapy and the use of creativity becomes crucial in teaching these children fluent language and free exchange of thoughts and ideas. Being creative is seeing the same thing as everybody else but thinking of something different. (Ganim, 1999). The National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education (1999) describes creativity as 'imaginative activity fashioned so as to produce outcomes that are both original and of value'. (NACCE, 1999) In order to define creativity in more simple way it should be said that probably creativity is combining the things which previously could not been combined. Creativity always has two so called dimensions, that is the medium through which a child expresses his thoughts and ideas, in our particular case it is drawing, and the second dimension is the content, which is carried by the medium. Creativity can be of two different types - spontaneous and multistage. The first one comes out of a sudden, the second one needs much time for generating ideas and putting them into reality. Thus, any general definition of creativity must account for the process of recognition or discovery of novel ideas and solutions. (Prentice, 2000) Examples of personal traits of individuals, who are considered to be creative, were described by Rhyammar (1999) - openness to experience, independence, and self-confidence. But there is no one single definition of creativity with which everyone could agree. Any definition must note that creativity is a process of discovery and development of new ideas. Early psychological studies of children's drawings strived to find some connection between them and the development of children's cognition. Some workers consider that there could be found some parallels between the development of child's drawing and the evolution of art through the history. On the one hand Zierer (1976) states, that there is a clear connection between the evolution of children's cognitive abilities and the evolution of art and the historical development of art was followed by the cognitive development of children. On the other hand Neboschik (1975) does not see such connection and confirms that the changes in art are the consequence of the child's which to follow the culture by which he is surrounded. One thing remains without any change: children have a very good possibility to express their feelings and thoughts through such a simple meaning as drawing. Children therapists often use such kind of art therapy in order to help children to put

Election of 1860 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Election of 1860 - Essay Example A year after John Bolt had attempted a slave revolt in Virginia, the national debate over slavery reached boiling point and a number of Southern states threatened to secede from the Republican Party, which triggered the start of the civil war, just after the outcome of the elections. The Republican Party was advocating for the expansion of the slavery into the western nation. The two opposing sides locked heads up to and after the presidential election. The choice for leadership was not easy either. Some people thought Stephen Douglas was the best candidate. Others thought that John Breckenridge or John Bell was the most suitable candidate for America at that time. However, the presidential elections outcome proved that Lincoln was the most preferred candidate to the electorate despite the fact that only 40% of the votes cast went to him, with 2000 fewer votes going to him. The divide between the North and the South saw Lincoln gunner most of his votes in the North and clinching the leadership without support from the South. It was however Lincoln’s victory that provoked the session crisis that later sparked the war that

Critcally appraise the nurse mentors role in the support and Essay

Critcally appraise the nurse mentors role in the support and management of under achieving students - Essay Example Here, nurse mentors are supposed to come up with appropriate strategies for intervening to address the areas where a student portrays weaknesses (Cottrell 2013). By differentiating the treatments to facilitate in addressing the needs of underachievers, it would be possible to start addressing the problem attributed with underachievement in both the society and schools (Duffy 2007). For instance, there are diverse forces that lead to underachievement among students. This creates a need to adopt interventions for reversing the effects of underachievement. Instructional interventions and counselling are among the key strategies that nurse mentors can adopt to deal with the issue (Cooper and Gosnell 2014). Various counselling interventions lay emphasis on altering the family or personal dynamics, which lead to underachievement by a student. These interventions may target family, group, or individual mentoring. In diverse mentoring instances, a nurse mentor should refrain from forcing a student to become a successful. Rather, the mentor should focus on helping the student to determine whether success is a valuable goal, creating room for changing counterproductive behaviour (Brown, et al. 2012). Furthermore, a major instructional intervention that has been noted to play a major role in assisting underachieving students is placing them part-time to special classrooms. In these designated environments, mentors aim at providing the students with an appealing environment by altering the customary classroom environment. Usually, small ration between the student and the mentor prevails where the mentors can offer mentoring services and choice for exercising control and freedom in their environment. Here, the students are encouraged to utilize diverse learning strategies as well as adopt self-directed behaviour (Cooper and Gosnell 2014). Thus, this paper

1). Produce a 500 - 600 word account of an incident from your Essay

1). Produce a 500 - 600 word account of an incident from your experience that provides an example, or examples of communication processes. 2). Then write an ess - Essay Example This made Chen a sort of pariah at school, often subjected to ridicule as he did such things as taking off his shoes when entering a room or squatting on the floor even when there are chairs around. No one has exactly told Chen to his face that he was odd, but the snickering behind his back did not escape unnoticed and this made him very insecure and hostile of his surroundings. Chen and I are classmates at one of the courses he is taking and my heart goes out to him every time I see him between classes, alone and looking miserable in a corner but showing no inclination to give himself a social life on campus. Eventually, I decided to talk some sense into him, intending to persuade him that his education in globalization will not be complete if he continued keeping his distance from other people. In the process, I expected a gain a new friend. I saw the opportunity to open the conversation with Chen when I caught his eye one day as he looked up from the book he was reading on a bench at the school playground. This is more or less how I started the conversation: â€Å"All of the school notice that you keep to yourself all the time. We wish to make friends with you to make your stay in this school worthwhile; don’t you want us to be your friends, too? From the school records, I understand that you’re studying here because of a long-term goal to make good in international business. That kind of business pursuit requires that you be good at dealing with all kinds of people, you know.† After some hesitation, Chen bowed and responded: â€Å"All of you seem to be nice people, but I didn’t come here to socialize, sorry. And we Chinese deal with people our own way.† He ended the conversation then and there, indicating that I failed to communicate my intended message to him. The way the conversation turned out, I made a new enemy instead of gaining a friend. In retrospect, I realize that my choice of language and approach was at fault since I sounded

Developing Professional Practice and Using Information in HR Essay - 1

Developing Professional Practice and Using Information in HR - Essay Example According to the discussion human resource managers are well aware of the potential of the employees working in the firm, they are in a better position to decide on behalf of the employees instead of the top management. Top management is just concerned mainly with the profitability and productivity of the firm, the other aspects are handled by the human resource management.From this paper it is clear that at the present time, it is vital for the business organisations to understand the pre-requisites of these professionals and provide them with the mandatory resources for efficient management of the entire workforce.   When any department is equipped with all the necessary resource needed for doing the job effectively, along with the required technology, then there stands a good chance that all work operation run smoothly. Talent and skills go hand in hand with the required resources for delivering exemplary performance.  The key social trends identified in the Davidsons case are creating the employment issues because the females lack the required set of expertise and capabilities to perform the obligatory tasks. Majority of the employees are willing to work as part-time as they want to avail various opportunities of earning sufficient amount of money. Since the customers’ complaints have increased as well, it shows that the employees need to develop their working abilities so that they can achieve their performance goals. Customer complaints are not a good sign and hence employee performances need to be reviewed to ensure that things are working in the right direction. As the employees are given wages below the industry standards at Davidsons, they are looking for new jobs in other supermarkets. All employees interact with other employees in the same

Home Delivery Service Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Home Delivery Service - Case Study Example Home delivery is a marketing weapon by which the products are made available at the door steps of customers. The most important attraction of this system is that the customers need not shop at the outlets; instead products are made available at customers' home at their convenient time. With this background, the present study aims to measure the satisfaction level of the customers of Hong Kong Electrical Appliances with special reference to home delivery. The study aims to explore how successful the home delivery service wing of the organization. Customer satisfaction perhaps is one of the most sought after area of research since time immemorial. The present literature review covers the studies undertaken in the various service businesses. In the word of S.S. Andaleeb, satisfied customers is the outcome of communication, competence and demeanor cost, facilities, among hospital customers in Pennsylvania (Andaleeb 1998). Another significant study observes that the core service quality and perceived value were the most important drivers of customer satisfaction (McDougall and Levesque 2000). However, F. Olorunniwo and Hsu M. K. were of the conclusion that responsiveness, tangibility, reliability, knowledge and accessibility determine service quality and satisfaction (Olorunniwo 2006). ... There are two states among the customers on a product or service after its use/consumption. Some of the customers are satisfied and the rest is dissatisfied. For the purpose of this study, the variables considered for measuring customer satisfaction on home delivery include the following: Availability of Products at convenient times of end users (Nguyen et al., 2007; and Abubakar et al., 2001); Range of Products for selection (Nguyen et al., 2007; and Abubakar et al., 2001) Products are of good quality (Spiller et al., 2006; and Abubakar et al., 2001); Reasonable Price (Spiller et al., 2006; and Abubakar et al., 2001); Helping Marketing Team (Parasuraman et al., 1988; Nguyen et al., 2007; and Sivadas and Baker-Prewitt, 2000); Pleasing Marketing Team (Parasuraman et al., 1988; and Wong and Sohal, 2003); and Flexibility in mode of Payment (Wong and Sohal, 2003) Objectives of the Study The ultimate objective the study is to measure the satisfaction level of the customers on the home delivery service of Hong Kong Electrical Appliances and thereby understand how successful the firm is in home delivery service. Specifically, the following objectives are set by the organization: To understand whether the customers are satisfied with home delivery service; To identify what are the defects of the present home delivery service; To explore the present problems of the home delivery service wing; To improve the service quality of the wing Research Methodology The overall typology of the present study is exploratory one as it seeks to establish relationship among the variables stated above. The study takes a quantitative approach wherein data relating to customer satisfaction are analyzed using quantitative methods. Moreover, it takes a survey approach in which

Interpersonal Communication Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Interpersonal Communication - Term Paper Example Therefore, we can say that interpersonal communication is influenced by the nature of relationships that exists between individuals. Interpersonal communication has some distinguishing characteristics. Some of the main characteristics of interpersonal communication include convenience, commitment, and freedom. Let us describe all of these characteristics in some detail. Convenience or accessibility refers to the concept of availability. From organizational perspective, interpersonal communication needs all employees expressing willingness to communicate with each other. It never happens in interpersonal communication that one employee is talking and the other employee keeps quiet during the whole conversation. Interpersonal communication needs both persons to communicate with each other. Commitment is another characteristic of interpersonal communication, which means to express dedication and assurance to take part in the communication. Interpersonal communication is worthless without commitment of all employees involved in the communication. Expression of freedom is one of the most admirable characteristic of interpersonal communication. Freedom refers to the elimination of harsh attitudes or pressurized situations during interpersonal communication. All persons involved in the communications must have the freedom to raise their viewpoints in front of each other. While talking about interpersonal communication, let us talk about some of its main elements in order to get a detailed understanding of the principles of effective interpersonal communication. Kern (2010) asserts, â€Å"Effective communication helps in that the message is enable to achieve its goals and helps in receiving the desired response from the reader of the message†. Interpersonal communication is of many types, which include one-to-one conversation, small group conversation, social communication, business communication,

The Two Men in Luther Essay Example for Free

The Two Men in Luther Essay Martin Luther, a Christian theologian stated in 1520 that, â€Å"A Christian man is the most free lord of all, and subject to none; a Christian man is the most dutiful servant of all, and subject to everyone†. Although at first glance, this statement appears to be a paradox. Through the understanding of Luther’s beliefs between the difference of spirituality and physicality, one can realize that this statement is not contradictory. The Catholic church believs that one needs spiritual purity, as well as the performance of Christian acts to achieve salvation. Martin Luther believed that preforming Christain deeds was godlike, but not a component of reaching salvation. In the sixteenth century, the Catholic Church believed that to achieve salvation, one must be spiritually pure, and preform a sufficient amount of good Christian acts. The concept exists to allow christains more time to preform these acts to ensure salvation. Martin Luther disagreed with the catholic church in that to reach all one has to do to reach salvation is to be spiritually pure by accepting the word of god. He felt that the Catholic Church took advantage of its followers by saying that giving money was a Christian act and that one could buy their way to heaven. Luther’s doctrines formulated a new breed a christains that believed in spirituality as the key to achieving salvation. This spiritual side of a christain was referred to as the inward man. The inward man could achieve salvation by accepting the word of god.

Understanding The Human Resource Analytics Model Commerce Essay

Understanding The Human Resource Analytics Model Commerce Essay Human Resource is defined as the division of the organization that deals with recruitment which include the hiring and firing, setting the organizations salary scale and other related benefits, staff performance, staff training and general issues that concern the employees of the organisation. The main objective of human resource is to assist the organization to meet its intended purpose by motivating, and retaining employees and also being able to manage them effectively and efficiently That is to say that the Human Resource approach seeks to ensure a balance between the administration of an organizations workforce, and the entire deliberated administration of the company (Marcus1999). Analytics models referrers to the approach that the human resources apply to ensure that the organizations are getting the best results in all areas concerned. This essay will focus on the existing models of human resources and try to bring out the best-applied models for efficiency and profitability of any given organization. Analytics models helps in various ways, potentiality and organization measurement systems in the absence of analytics models can be compared to someone searching for an item where theres light, and not necessarily where the item is likely to be found. Improvement in information technology often provides technological competence that is far beyond the capacity of the decision science and procedures to utilize them appropriately (Jeffrey P. (2002). Therefore it is quite usual to find organizations that have focused substantial resources creating sophisticated study and technology presentation within the measures of effectiveness, or measures that largely originate from the accounting system. The irony is that real insights are most likely to be found in location where there arent regular accounting systems. The substantial development in HR contracting out, where efficiency is often the core value intention and IT technology is the main device, has worsened this subject matter. Yet with faulty measures meant for the correct point may be more shinning than very sophisticated measures forecasted in the wrong points. First of all a lot of commentators describe the behaviour of human resource specialists as sway from one problem to another. Trying to settle down disputes is one of the tasks involved, especially when conflicts are likely to explore. It is the duty of human resource gurus to take preventive measures, by initiating guidelines and training the staff on how to comply with those set guidelines, this is a good tool to use in managing crisis and risks. However a sincerely strategic duty for HR has shown elusive to most people (Marcus 1999). Being sincere, many HR experts earn their living by first looking down upon HR as not being limited on strategic contribution, and thus offering a solution, which can be used to bring out a concrete solution. Most of these solutions include scorecards or dashboards of tracking down and reporting the results of realizing the proposed policies. There are a number of theoretical models which go way beyond the recording model of measurement, to critically check the reason why the use of the particular measures. This method is known as HR analytics. In the recent years HR analytics has been on the forefront with the view of many publications introducing official models. Theoretical explanations and some study outcome have been stressed, and the procedural standards required in setting up the need of HRM programs and participation. A totally efficient HR ability, nonetheless, is able to deliver substantial approach towards the difference between human resource management implementation and programs involvement in the overall employees and organization performance. Among other outcomes, an effective HR will be able to give priority to human capital on the basis of the organizational value, which they produce; it should also provide essential input towards the financial and operational strategy (Brian and David 2001). This should also be able to recognize that the organization have the people potentiality in order to be able to meet the adjustment in business environment and structure. It should also be able to support large number of employees in revolution, where the traditional HR, training and growth roles are restructure and put in with the new business plans. According to the LAMP model, there are four major components, which are critical to strategic change. These components include: Logic, Analytics, Measures and Process (Cascio and Boudreau 2008). It is believed that lack of proper logic, and then it will not be possible to predict the future. The logic component of any measurement system gives the story behind and the relationship between the numbers and the effects and the results. A good examples take account the components of revenue costs, the elements which determine the value of better selection, and the connections that associate employee well-being and crucial business end products. Improper logic is always the reason behind the why most HR experts use proper measurement systems, but dont make sense at all to the involved parties. Where proper logic is in place then, it is quite easy to assist other managers outside the HR career to comprehend and utilize the measurement systems to improve their judgment (Casicio and Boudreau 2008). In the measuring the employee turnover, there has been much argument in relation to suitable guidelines to be used in calculating turnover and its costs, or the accuracy and the probability on how employee turnover should be calculated. The current turnover-reporting systems may be estimated as turnover rates for almost any employee group and business section. Equipped with such systems, heads of departments slice and dice the statistics in various ways, each supervisor following his or her own best theory regarding turnover and why it matters. In most cases, the theories are never good enough and thus measures may not help, thus, LAMP model does not support good measurement. The other element, which the LAMP model focuses on, is process. Whereas measurement have influence on decision making and performance, and those take place within a huge organization, knowledge of structure, and organizational social customs. Consequently, efficient measurement method must match with a change management procedure that replicates values of training and transfer of knowledge. Thus, human resource measures and the reason that supports it are part of change process. The first step in effective measurement is to make managers to understand that HR investigation is achievable and helpful. The way forward is not automatically to present a very complicated analysis. Rather the best method could be to present fairly straightforward measures and analyses that correspond with the psychological models, which might be already in use. Estimating turnover costs can show how millions of dollars can be conserved with decline on turnover (Cascio and Boudreau 2008). Other managers outs ide HR have said that a turnover-cost analysis was the initial step in realizing that skill and company decisions had substantial outcome on the profits and accounting procedures, which they can relate with. Apparently, measuring only the cost of turnover is not enough for proper decision-making. Managers may trim down the number of applicants who should be interviewed by raising the criteria for selection. The lower the standards, the bigger the number of applicants will apply and the lesser interviews will be carried out to fill a vacant position. Obviously, reducing the standards will bring issues that far overshadow the cost savings by conduction less interviews! However, the process element of the LAMP framework is a reminder that the best way to introduce a change process may be first to look at the turnover costs, to establish early awareness that the same method used for accounting, operational, and marketing investments can also be used in human resources. According to the Human Capital Management HCM model, any organization that intends to get the best results has to connect investments in workforce to bottom-line organization outcome. Some evidence has proved the link between employee development and strategic profits. For example, companies that devote proper HR strategies seem to attain enhanced profits compared to the ones that use other ancient approaches. Although it still not clear whether a good HR management enhances better financial performance or whether better financial performance enables a more strategic tactic to HR management similar problem is there in the research for employee motivation. Thus, the ability of success in organizations that pays well and facilities than other organization can lead employees high turnover rate in the poor paying organizations (Fitz-Enz 2010). Secondly, from the investment point of view, it is also required that measures be useful. Managers would like to know where to invest for future -both in terms of the type of talents that the employees require in order to accomplish the companys long-term plan. In terms of the type of human resources potentiality the organization requires to achieve, nurture and maintain employees with such talents. For example, HR managers and their colleagues in accounts and marketing want to evaluate the risks related to people in relation to the latest technology, new markets and new requirements. The higher performance needs managing human capital currently and even for the future to be able to manage in a way that is in line with the companys strategic goals (Fitz-Enz 2010). Both the LAMP model and HCM model agree on the issue of measurement. The only difference is that the HCM model puts more weight on expansion against increase is a subject of both aggressive environment and planning, but following its ability to produce value is a limited set of abilities or implementation drivers, for example, its capability to come up with new ideas, to fulfill customers needs and to produce quality. The challenge of effectively linking human capital development to financial performance is three-phases: first of all measures must take into account direct and indirect consequence, secondly the procedure must be straightforward, repeatable and gives a possible result; and lastly outcome require to be put together so that strategies and prediction can depend on it. While LAMP model cconcentrates on more time and interest is given to improve the quality of HR measures, based on issues such as suitability, comprehensiveness, consistency and reliability. These are definit ely essential principles, but missing a framework, they can be performing far beyond their optimal standards or they can be applicable to areas where they have less effect. It continues to say that accuracy alone is not a solution. There are a number of ways that human resource can be able to measure more precisely and accurately. These measures involve finances, which should be focused on where it has the biggest profit, not just where progress is quite noticeable. Companies mostly give more interest to some fundamentals of their tangible stocks more than others. Sure enough, a famous theory is the 80-20 rule which implies that 80 percent of the crucial difference in stocks costs or quality is usually determined by 20 percent of the tangible stocks (Cascio Boudreau 2008). That is to say, whereas companies actually aim at 100 percent of their stocks, they end up with the significant 20 percent with more accurate, more reliable, and with bigger responsibility decision-making. The employee turnover is not equally significant all over. But becomes significant where turnover costs are extremely high, or it corresponds to a significant risk to profits or crucial companys possessions. For example when an employees leaves the organization and goes with a good number clients with them or when they have a wealth of knowledge that is not easy to replace, it is alright to trace turnover keenly and with greater accuracy. However, this is not to say that you keep on reporting on turnover. It simply implies that the turnover measurements in such conditions should look particularly on what more important. If turnover is a threat because to the loss of major capabilities, then the rate of turnover should be stratified to identify those with unique talent from others. If turnover is a threat because of losing clients when the employees leave, then the rate of turnover should not look on differences on talents, but rather should be stratified in accordance with the risks of losing clients. In the absence of a general logic on how turnover affects organization or its growth, managers may have assumption which may be wrong or harmful (Cascio and Boudreau 2008). Conversely Education is also a very important aspect of change process. The return-on-investment (ROI) principal from finance is essentially a powerful instrument for enlightening leaders on the major equipment of financial assessment. Similarly, it is considered that HR measurements will be used more and more to inform components and will become surrounded within the organizations training and awareness frameworks. In human resources career, there are many logical structures, which include remuneration framework, employees motivation models, and also job contracts. All these are very handy, but they are not adequate enough to link decisions about investments in human resource agendas to the set results. On the other hand, some have opted for a service-value-profit structure in regards to customer care. This framework requires a closer look to the relationship between HR and management customs, which affects the employee motivation and in the long affect the customer relation. In the case of affected customer relation the sales turnover is also affected and the general strategic goals. In my view, measuring is very important, but what should be measured is the major question. Most managers lack the knowledge of what is to be measured and how it should be measured. With proper training in place, all managers should be able to know how to handle these issues, be able to motivate and nurture employees to reduce the rate of turnover in order for the organization to realize maximum profits. With good incentives, employees can be retained and thus the organization will benefit from the wealth of knowledge and experience that these employees possess. It is better to have employees with good experience background in that field than to keep on training them of the job requirements and they are not retained, the organization ends up being a training ground and the turnover rate is still on the increase. Therefore I would prefer the LAMP model to HCM.

An analysis of Process costing vs. job order costing

An analysis of Process costing vs. job order costing Introduction Management accounting uses several costing techniques. Costing techniques are very important to the business management because they help them make sound decisions for the company. They also help companies keep track of the costs that they incur in the production process. The techniques are mainly for internal use apart from absorption costing which is used by external users like the shareholders and the creditors. This paper analyses the process costing techniques and compares it with job order costing. It gives reasons as to why SAC Company should use job order costing rather than process costing (Bradford, 2008). Process Costing This is a costing technique that is used in finding costs in homogenous or products that are uniform. This technique makes averages of costs for all units to make per unit costs. Work in process account is used to track the process costs. Through this system, a continuous manufacturing process is used to produce identical goods (Bradford, 2008). Computation Procedures for Process Costing Manufacturing costs are accumulated for a period of time. It also works out the average costs of manufacturing. This being a continuous process, there is need for order (Bradford, 2008). The following are the steps that are followed in the calculation of manufacturing costs through process costing: Units physical flow: this is accounted for by the use of starting inventory, current or used inventory and the inventory at the end of the financial period. Production of equivalent units: the units that are equivalent during production are found by multiplying the units that are accounted for by the completion percentage for reach category of costs (Costing. (n.d.). Accounted for costs: these costs are identified during each production period for each cost category. They include the inventory at the starting of the period and the inventory used in the current production period. Per unit cost: for each equivalent unit poof production, costs are calculated through the division of the costs to be accounted for by the produced equivalent units. The allocation for each category of the cots is done for total costs that are to be accounted for. This is possible through the multiplication of the equivalent produced units and the cost per produced equivalent cost (Bradford, 2008). Methodology Process costing follows the following method in finding the total costs used in the production process. The two main methods used in process costing are weighted averages and FIFO methods. Weighted Average Method: The main method used is the use of weighted average to compute the costs of output. The average cost computed is comprised of is weighted average cost from both the opening inventory and the current inventory. The following steps are necessary: There is a physical flow of units since this weighted average method doesnt separate the staring inventory from the current and the closing inventory. This weighted average technique computes the units that are equivalent and it fails to separate the percentage of produced units in previous period from these units produced currently (Costing. (n.d.). Unit costs in the starting inventory are not separated from the unit costs for inventory incurred in the current period in the calculation of costs to be accounted for. To compute per equivalent unit cost, the total costs to be accounted for are divided by the equivalent total units of production. In the calculation of the cots to be accounted for total equivalent units accounted for, the weighted average method doesnt separate costs of starting inventory from costs of inventory in the current period (Costing. (n.d.). FIFO: this method, in computation of costs, separates costs for the current period from the costs of the starting inventory. The following steps are used: This method separates the current inventory from the inventory of previous period in the computation of continuous flow of units (Costing. (n.d.). The percentage of production units in the previous periods is separated from the percentage of units produced in the current period during the calculation of produced equivalent units. In the identification of the costs to be accounted for, the FIFO methodology separates the opening inventory units from the cost of eventual units that are added to the current period (Costing. (n.d.). In the calculation of per equivalent unit cost, this FIFO methodology divides the current accountable for units by the current produced equivalent. This method in the calculation of current costs that accounted for separates the costs that added to production in the current period from the costs of opening inventory. Application of Process Costing This costing technique is appropriately used when the products of manufacture are homogenous or they are identical. This methodology is differentiated from job order costing in the cost finding process. While job order costing is best used in the finding of per unit costs, this method finds the total average costs of production over a certain period of time (Bradford, 2008). Advantages of Process Costing This method has the following advantages; Process costing is best used for manufacturing industries that perform general manufacturing processing. Disadvantages of process costing This type of costing technique is not appropriate with those organizations that have jobs and batches. Job Order Costing This is a costing technique that accumulates costs for different types of jobs. The jobs are categorized into batches. For a batch to be considered as a separate job it has to be differentiated. If the batches are identical then process costing will have to be used. As per customers specifications, different individual jobs are produced. Job Order Costing Procedures There are accumulated costs for manufacturing for each separate job. This is done by the use of different ledger accounts. The procedures to be followed are as specified below; The process s initiated by the customer placing a sales order for the batch of products. The sales order is translated into a production order. This is followed by the ordering of the materials and the labor that sis to be used in the production of the batch. The materials are tracked for the batch (Bradford, 2008). The relevant manufacturing overhead for the job is done by the use of a rate that is predetermined. This is usually done per the hours of labor or per the hours that the machines work (Bradford, 2008). The work in progress account is changed to a control account and is thus not affected by the allocated manufacturing overheads. The spoilage that is abnormal (i.e. spoilage above the expected rates) is reclassified from the work in progress account the period costs. This makes it possible for the management to address the cost of abnormal spoilage (Bradford, 2008). The actual amounts of labor and material incurred are used by the accountant to charge the direct labor and materials to work in progress. The use of a job costing sheet is used to track these amounts of labor and material. This sheet is usually in a format that is computerized and each account has a subsidiary ledger (Bradford, 2008). Applications of Job Order Costing The application of job order costing is wide and varied. It is used by many companies in tracking costs. It is mainly used by the industries that produce and sell goods in batches. Unlike companies that do general manufacturing, this technique is effective in companies that manufacture products in batches (Bradford, 2008). Advantages of Job Order Costing This technique readily avails to the management the various cists in relation to the individual batches or jobs. Though this, an analysis can be made to show how and why the cost was incurred. The management gets to know the problems with the various allocations of costs and improve on it in future (Accountingformanagement, 2010). Though job costing, on going results that are for each job can be yielded. The costs incurred can be added even before the job is finished. This is helpful for the company since it enables the accounting staff of the company to access costs of jobs hence monitoring them. It enables the company to be in a position to analyze costs for longer jobs hence room for adjustment (Accountingformanagement, 2010). Disadvantages of job costing technique This costing technique is not relevant in some environments like the software industry which has no direct costs but many development costs. Job order costing will not be of help recording such costs. This costing technique has its main focus as primary products. Departments and activities are not dealt with. This is a problem because the management of a company is left with inadequate information (Accountingformanagement 2010). Application of Job Order Costing to SAC SAC has switched the mode of manufacturing goods. It now manufactures spark plugs. The company could get various purchase orders from different organizations and companies. These are sale orders that SAC can transform into batches and start processing the plugs. These form different jobs. It will be costly for SAC to continue using process costing because costs can not be traced to different costs or batches. Therefore I highly recommend SAC to use job process costing in its cost analysis because of the new mode of manufacturing spark plugs. Conclusion Management accounting uses various costing techniques to perform its tasks of costs analysis. Process costing and job order costing are two types of costing techniques that are have a similarity that they both analyze the costs that are incurred by the organization. Though these methods can be used to analyze costs, they differ in their approach to the analysis. Process costing uses both weighted average methods while job order uses the sale orders placed as batches or jobs for costs analysis. Also while process costing is good for companies that do general manufacturing, job costing is good for companies that manufacture based on batches.

Empress Wu :: Biography

Empress Wu Empress Wu is also known as Wu Hou, Wu Chao, Wu Zetian, or Wu Tsà ª T’ien (â€Å"Emulator of Heaven';). She was born in the year of 625 AD. She was born and raised in China during the Tang dynasty. Empress Wu was the daughter of Wu Shih-Huo, a rich and noble merchant at the time. The Tang Dynasty was a time of relative freedom for woman. Since Empress Wu lived during that period of time, she was well educated at home. Like most other rich and noble people of her time, she was taught to play music, write, and read the Chinese classics. Empress Wu started out as a low-ranking concubine of the emperor of the Tang court, T’ai Tsung. She was well known for her beauty, wit, and intelligence, and so that was why she was recruited to the Tang court at the early age of 13. It was the year of 638 AD when she was recruited. Soon after she was recruited to the Tang court, she went from a low-ranking concubine to his favorite concubine. When T’ai Tsung died in 652 AD, Empress Wu mourned his death and traditionally, she shaved off all her hair and became a nun. Meanwhile, in the Tang court after T’ai Tsung’s death, T’ai Tsung’s son, Kao Tsung, became the emperor of the Tang court. Kao Tsung’s empress, Empress Wang, was jealous of a new concubine that Kao Tsung gave much affection to. Her name was Hsaio Shu-Fei. She then ordered Empress Wu to grow her hair back and come back to the Tang court. She did what she was told and came back. Empress Wang’s plan was to take away the affection that Kao Tsung gave to Hsaio Shu-Fei. Empress Wang’s plan worked, but it also backfired on her. Empress Wu got Kao Tsung’s affection, but still, Empress Wang was not satisfied because she still didn’t get any affection. So then Empress Wang became jealous of Empress Wu and tried to get rid of her as well. Empress Wang’s jealousy grew when Empress Wu gave birth to a baby girl for Kao Tsung. Empress Wang panicked and tried to spread rumors about Empress Wu, but Empress Wu was too clever for that. In order to become the empress of Kao Tsung, she had to find a way to get rid of Empress Wang. So then she killed her own daughter and framed Empress Wang for the murder.

My Philosophy on Life Essay -- Philosophical Life Essays

My Philosophy on Life Do you ever wonder why you are put into situations that you don’t know how to deal with? Would it disappear if you just closed your eyes to the many lights that life produces? Well most cases it doesn’t, the light is shining in your eyes like the sun and you have to deal with it. Sometimes I wonder why I act the way I do, and why I have to deal with situations that aren’t always the most comforting. You think you have something, but you realize that you have nothing on that one piece of life’s puzzle. When you sit down to think in silence about the world revolving around you, you realize that piece is near you. However, it is not close enough to grab with your hand or heart. You want to react with your mind, but your heart seers you in other directions that you weren’t ready for. When you think that you have found that perfect piece to complete the puzzle, you second-guess yourself about it. Is it really the prefect piece that will make the puzzle stronger, or are there other pieces that are better? Your mind runs faster than you can handle and it makes you think about the other pieces in the puzzle. Are the other pieces going to slowly come apart too or are they glued together and stable? You wonder that maybe-other pieces the perfect ones either, which gives you even more questions. Then you look at every piece individually and see how those pieces make you happy or sad. That one piece that brings you joy everyday knowing that it will be with you indefinitely. You dream at night about that one piece because you know it is the perfect piece to the puzzle that you can rely on. There are many pieces that allow ones mind to question, but you seem to glue that one piece into the puzzle. Some days the pieces all fit together, but other days, most pieces are scattered among others. One day brings hope, joy, confidence and happiness, but the next moment, it brings sadness, hopelessness, and loneliness. It takes time to find these p ieces to build the puzzle back to stability, but you find it easier to just forget about those negative pieces, You look back on those pieces, the good and the bad and sometimes wonder if you could have them back for just one day. You miss what those pieces brought to your life when they were positive, and tend to forget why they wondered away. Once you remember, you question your judgement. Life is full of many... ... change it. The problem is, you can’t change it no matter how tight you close your eyes and hope. Face problems as they occur, you cannot run from any problem, no matter how major or minor it may be. Where ever you run, the problem is following you, and can’t disappear until you deal with it. Open your eyes to what is going on now, and make the best of every situation. Your conscious follows you in your dreams and will never let you forget what has happened, it is always in the back of your mind. Never go to bed angry because the problem will be there when you wake up. You may lose sleep over the problem, because you constantly think about how you could have changed things or what you could have done different. Do you ever realize that you think of something better to say or better to do after you do it? This is because sometimes you react without fully thinking about the situation. You use your mind instead of your heart sometimes. Your mind gives you a quick react ion on what to do, which may not always be the best. The heart tells you the true thing to do, and lets you know when you were wrong. It examines the situation to the fullest and decides what is the right thing to do.

Economic growth and economic development Essay

Like the infrastructure development, improvement of legal mechanism Can now be regarded as the most important precondition for sustainable Growth, a stronger economy, and pro-people system of governance, Writes M S Siddiqui Economic development generally refers to sustained and concerted actions, taken by the policy-makers and communities, which promote the standard of living and economic health of a specific area. Economic development can also refer to as being quantitative and qualitative changes in the economy. Such actions might involve multiple areas including development of human capital, critical infrastructure, regional competitiveness, environmental sustainability, social inclusion, health, safety, literacy, and other initiatives. Economic development differs from economic growth. Whereas economic development is a policy intervention endeavour with aims of economic and social well-being of the people, economic growth is a phenomenon of market productivity and rise in GDP (gross domestic product). According to Amartya Sen, â€Å"economic growth is one aspect of the process of economic development.† Despite the good performance of Bangladesh in terms of many growth indices, it has been lagging behind in building a necessary infrastructure for achieving goals for the country to be treated as a middle-income one. Economic governance embraces all macroeconomic, microeconomic and fiscal policies, public economic agencies, regulatory bodies, company laws and legal institutions connected with economic matters. Good governance means an efficient, open, accountable and audited public service, which has the bureaucratic competence to help design and implement appropriate public policies and, at the same time, an independent judicial system to uphold the law. Good governance is a system of governance that is able to unambiguously identify the basic values of society, where values are economic, political and socio-cultural issues including human rights, and pursue these values through an accountable and honest administration. It is obvious that good governance is a must for the development and growth of a nation. Good governance generally implies a number of institutions, which regulate the behaviour of public bodies, stimulate citizens’ participation in government and control public-private relations. Governance is government plus the private and third (not for profit) sectors. In the 1992 report titled â€Å"Governance and Development†, the World Bank gave its definition of good governance. Good governance is defined as â€Å"the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development†. In an October 1995 policy paper called â€Å"Governance: Sound Development Management†, the ADB outlined its policy on this topic. Further, in a separate opinion issued by the ADB General Council, it was explained that governance has at least two dimensions: (a) political (e.g., democracy, human rights); and (b) economic (e.g., efficient management of public resources). The United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) definition of good governance is spelled out in a 1997 UNDP policy document titled â€Å"Governance for Sustainable Human Development†. The document states that governance can be seen as the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage a country’s affairs at all levels. The key elements of good governance as defined by UNDP are listed below: Participation: Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance. All men and women should have a voice in decision making either directly or through legitimate intermediate institutions that represent their interests. Rule of law: Legal frameworks should be fair and enforced impartially, particularly the laws on human rights. Transparency: Transparency is built on the free flow of information. Processes, institutions and information are directly accessible to those concerned through it, and enough information is provided to understand and monitor them. Responsiveness: Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe. Consensus orientation: There are several actors and as many viewpoints in a given society. Good governance requires mediation of different interests in society to reach a broad consensus on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. Equity: All men and women have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. Effectiveness and efficiency: Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society, while making the best use of resources at their disposal. Strategic vision: Leaders and the public have a broad and long-term perspective on good governance and human development, along with a sense of what is needed for such development. There is also an understanding of the historical, cultural and social complexities, in which that perspective is grounded. The rule of law as gauged by the responses to ‘efficient functioning of judiciary’ indicates that most low and middle-income countries rate it as a much higher obstacle than their high-income counterparts. The aggregate average of street crime, organised crime, and corruption are all higher in these countries than in the developed world. There are many problems that come up as barriers to good governance. To ensure sound local development, action should be taken to work towards achieving good governance. The legal policy regime of a country provides base to the potential Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Unequivocal, neutral legal framework and better protection of property rights can lead to higher FDI. The legal and regulatory environment does matter for financial development. Countries with legal and regulatory systems that give a high priority to creditors receive the full value of their claims on cooperation, have better- functioning financial intermediaries than countries where the legal system provides much weaker support to creditors. Bangladesh is the seventh largest country in the world in terms of its population and now it is treated as ‘N-11’ after the BRICS countries. However, without progress in legal arenas, such as making suitable laws and their appropriate execution, speedy resolution of all corporate and financial disputes, and quick and transparent transfer of properties, some vital sectors of Bangladeshi economy may suffer irreparable loses. Like the infrastructural development, improvement of legal mechanism can now be regarded as the most important precondition for sustainable growth, a stronger economy, and pro-people system of governance. The writer is pursuing PhD at the Open University, Malaysia. shah@banglachemical.com

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What is a ceramic material? ceramic materials are inorganic, non- coatlic materials make from compounds of a metal and a non metal. 2. The names of four types of ceramic Structural Refractories White ware ceramic Technical ceramic 3. Give examples of each of these types of ceramic modellings of structural ceramics are bricks, pipes and jacket tiles Example of Refractories ceramics gas fire refulgents, steel and glass making crucibles. Example of white ware ceramic tableware, cookware, ring tiles, pottery products and sanitary ware.Example of Technical ceramic gas burner nozzles, ballistic protection, nuclear kindle uranium oxide pellets, biomedical implants, coatin gs of jet locomotive and turbine blades. Properties List 5 properties of ceramic materials. For each property, write a sentence to relieve what the word means. http//depts. washington. edu/matseed/mse_resources/Webpage/Ceramics/ceramicproperty. htm Hard not well broken, bent, or pierced. 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